Personality disorders are long-standing patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that differ from cultural expectations and create difficulties in life. They affect how people relate to themselves and others.
Each type of personality disorder has unique features, but common themes include rigid ways of thinking, difficulty with relationships, and problems adapting to life's challenges. For example, avoidant personality disorder involves extreme shyness, while narcissistic personality disorder centers on fragile self-esteem.
Genetics, early environment, trauma, and learned coping styles all contribute. Many personality disorders begin in adolescence or early adulthood.
Psychotherapy is the main treatment. Approaches like DBT, schema therapy, or supportive therapy help people develop healthier patterns. Medications can treat co-occurring depression, anxiety, or mood swings.
Progress takes time but is possible. Building trust in therapy and practicing new coping strategies helps reduce symptoms and improve functioning.
With support and persistence, many individuals with personality disorders improve relationships, work, and overall quality of life.