Bipolar disorder is a mood condition characterized by extreme shifts between high-energy mania and deep depression. These mood changes are more intense than ordinary ups and downs and can disrupt work, school, and relationships.
Mania may involve high energy, decreased need for sleep, fast speech, impulsive or risky behavior, and inflated self-esteem. Depressive episodes include sadness, fatigue, hopelessness, and loss of interest. Some people experience mixed episodes with symptoms of both mania and depression at once.
Genetics, brain chemistry, and stressful life events all play a role. Having a family history of bipolar disorder increases risk.
Mood stabilizers (such as lithium), antipsychotic medications, and therapy are central treatments. Establishing regular routines for sleep, exercise, and stress management is critical.
Education, therapy, and peer support help people and families understand the illness and manage it effectively. Consistency and long-term monitoring are important for stability.
Although bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition, many people achieve stability and live fulfilling lives with proper treatment and support.